Manuscript Submission and Peer- review System

Manuscript Submission and Peer- review System World’s First Manuscript Submission and Peer- review System  Integrated with Social Networking Dr. Antony Raj*, Balaji Jagadeesan, Muthumariappan M and  Bhuvaneswari Ranganathan Abstract: Any major change in the way people communicate is bound to have major implications for education. Today, in the fast paced life, promoting self written research article/publications is very important to improve the citation of the article and credit to the author’s original concept. Social media has become this significant part of our modern civilization. Manuscript Management system (MMS) – developed by J-Technologies India Limited, made it simple for the authors to share their research papers to their social network and professional network in a jiffy. Introduction During the early days, scholars and researchers wrote their articles and published them in journals. Traditionally, library patrons and researchers came to the library to read or to make copies of these articles. To some extent publishers and vendors competed to receive orders from libraries. The first journal was started during 1665 in France. It was called Journal des sà §avans. The new era of on-line electronic publishing, however, has changed the way of accessing information for scholars and researchers. With the emergence of the electronic publishing, scholars and researchers are able to publish articles on-line without going through a publisher or a vendor and users can access information without going to the library. (Blake 2000) Scientists seek out publication outlets that maximize the chances of their work being cited for many reasons. So, they adapted well to utilize social media from the start to share their resources, discuss the issues they face and also to be known in the scientific community. Citations provide stable links to cited documents and make a public statement of intellectual recognition for the cited authors. Citations are an indicator of the dissemination of an article in the scientific community and provide a quantitative system for the public recognition of work by qualified peers. Having work cited is therefore an incentive for scientists, and in many disciplines it forms the basis of a scientist’s evaluation. (Clark, D. 2012). Social networking as a key to improve citation Social networking websites (Facebook, Twitter, Google Plus etc.,) have become increasingly integrated into the way many people today act, think, and relate to each other. Social networking has a multitude of implications for the field of education and these impact students, educators, administrators, and parents alike. There are numerous challenges and opportunities offered by these sites and making out the maximum from the social networking cloud in terms of getting ones research known. Sonali Guha. (2014) Ease of Sharing with Social network integration The usage of social network is vast and everyone wants to be updated about various things from basic daily occurrences to complicated rocket science. When one shares ones scientific work the rate  at which the work is read increases. This does not stop here, but also; if the research is interesting or novel, people tend to share and also spread the information and this will bring in more people to read and refer the particular research work. Recent updates about current, ongoing research are available in various journals. Some being open access and other require subscription. These journals are known to only limited number of people and not to all. Although, researchers read numerous articles they usually do not take time to share new work through social network due to lack of time even it’s as simple as a copy paste of a url. So this new innovation of integration of social networking in scientific journals aids in easy sharing of information and also acts as a tool. Angell. B and Gabie E. (2012) Integration of Social Networking Portals. Integration of scientific journal with Social networking sites through the Application Programming Interface (API) was first developed by J-Technologies India Limited in the year 2012 and was implemented in their own journal â€Å"Online Journal of BioSciences and Informatics†. Advantages of integration of social networks into journal portals As previously mentioned, social networking acts as a great tool for marketing. The better a scientist’s work is known, better is the appreciation of the work. When a research article is marketed well, the probability of the citation also increases which in turn leads to better impact factor (a rating given by Thomson Reuters). Higher the value, the better the rating of the researcher. This will help the researcher in many ways including getting placed in a better lab, getting research grants etc. Claire Saxby, (2004) Summary Online Journal of BioSciences and Informatics (JBI) have implemented the system of social networking to share the articles. Although, researchers read numerous articles they usually do not take time to share new work through social network due to lack of time even it’s as simple as a copy paste of a url. So this new innovation of integration of social networking in scientific journals aids in easy sharing of information and also acts as a tool. Citations are an indicator of the dissemination of an article in the scientific community and provide a quantitative system for the public recognition of work by qualified peers. Having work cited is therefore an incentive for scientists, and in many disciplines it forms the basis of a scientist’s evaluation. Social networking can help scientists in across many countries get the opportunity to meet and participate in the international research. References Clark, D. (2012). Social Media: Why It Matters to Everyone in Education.The International HETL Review. Volume 2, Article 8, http://www.hetl.org/opinion-articles/social-media-why-it-matters-to-everyone-in-education/ Sonali Guha. (2014) How Social Media Has Changed the World? 5 Impacts of Social Media on Our Lives.  http://webseo22.hubpages.com/hub/How-Social-Media-Has-Changed-the-World-Impact-of-Social-Media-on-Our-Lives Blake (2000) E-Journals: advantages, disadvantages and criteria for selection.  http://lisnews.org/node/1513 Angell. B and Gabie E. (2012) Editors Insights on the Costs and Benefits of Online Journals .  http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JOTS/Winter-Spring-1998/angell.html Adam Geib, (2013) Advantages and Disadvantages of Open Access.  http://www.edanzediting.com/blog/advantages_and_disadvantages_open_access#.Uww-X86hZHM Anonymous, (2013) Advantages and Disadvantages of Open Access Journals. http://monlywhite.blogspot.in/2013/02/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-open.html Anonymous, (2010). Benefits of Open Access for research dissemination  http://www.openoasis.org/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=146Itemid=308   Claire Saxby, (2004) http://www.oxfordjournals.org/news/oa_report.pdf

Deontology and the Categorical Imperative

First, let us examine what it means to act in a deontological manner. Demonology is â€Å"the normative ethical position that Judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to a rule or rules† (â€Å"Ethics-virtue†, Standard Encyclopedia of Philosophy). For someone to act in a deontological manner, he must follow a course of action not because it causes the greatest amount of good to either themselves or others, but because it is the â€Å"right† thing to do. A deontological believes that it is their â€Å"duty† to follow these moral imperatives, and it is these values which are the basis which Emmanuel Kant bases his Categorical Imperative on.In Kantian, a theory of demonology developed by Emmanuel Kant based on his Categorical Imperative, we should make decisions based on our duty to others and that it is not the action's consequences which make it right or wrong, but the motives of the individual who is carrying them out (Kant, Emmanue l. 1780. â€Å"Preface†). For example, if I say, I do not murder other human beings because I would not wish others to murder, I am behaving deontological because as a society we would not wish murder to become a universal rule.Similarly, I would not wish someone to secretly defraud Investors and embezzle company money, but more on that soon. If a person is to act in this decidedly UN;deontological manner, they might have justified it in one of two likely other manners. The first non-deontological theory we someone could operate with is utilitarianism. In this moral theory, â€Å"the proper course of action is the one that maximizes utility, specifically defined as maximizing happiness and reducing suffering† (Utilitarianism. N. D. ) In Wisped. Retrieved January 20, 2013, from http:// ordering others, we still do not wish this to occur but this time it is because the act of murder does not maximize happiness as a society. The loss of an individual in this manner would detract from the whole be it either from a production stand-point, or because of the emotion detriment it brings others. Misuse of a corporation's funds could be Justified in a certain scenario, so we will add this to our toolbox of motives for now.A second non-deontological moral theory we must examine is the idea of egotism. With egotism, a person's primary drive is to enhance their own interests – be they intellectual, physical, societal, or otherwise – over the interests of others (Egotism. (n. D. ) In Wisped). Within the context of our example about murder, an egotist does not wish for murder to exist simply because he or she would not wish to be murdered. Within the scope of business operations, this ideology would seem to form the basis of most practices.While the advancement of a corporation would be paramount in the eyes of those with the most vested interest, this moral guideline can be disastrous in a society that does not share this belief as the rule of th e land. Let us now look at two of the ethical problems raised by the Delphic Communications case. The first problem we will examine is the fact that Delphic was using two different sets of accounting books, one with doctored numbers that was given to investors, and one which showed the true finances and what was being manipulated for the fraudulent figures.This, according to testimony produced by James R. Brown, Dahlia's former vice president of finance (Grant, 2004, p. CLC). Members of the Riggs family were ultimately indicted for looting the company of more the $100 million and aiding $2 billion in debt. Regardless of an argument of either this being a cover-up in order to hide the Riggs family's personal use of company funds, or merely a tactic to delay investor outrage in order to settle outstanding debts incurred by Delphic operations, this cannot be considered a deontological based maneuver.Adherence to ones duty to the company and its core operations is contrary to these kind s of behavior. Also, under no circumstance would lying biblically about a company's well- being in a capitalistic society be considered as being desirable as a normative rule. At best, if this were done as to buy the company time to right its finances, this action could be eschewed as utilitarian if the underlying goal was to prevent panic on Wall SST. And to maximize society's net worth.Likelier, this was an egotistic based motive in order for the Riggs family to continue their practices of using the company as their personal â€Å"piggy-bank† as it were. There is evidence of this being the case based upon the next ethical issue we will address. During the course of investigations carried out in the course of this case, it was covered that members of the Riggs family had also used corporate money to finance a golf-course on private family property of theirs (The SEC, 2002).Much like the previously mentioned ethical problem, it is difficult to determine in what, if any, way t his action could be eschewed as either a deontological or categorically imperative decision. If it were the norm for members of any company with access to corporate funding to use them on private projects without prior approval, there would be few corporations which would be able to operate in much of any capacity. Dominant having misappropriated funds that were allocated for actual business operations.Even when viewed in light of a utilitarian stand-point, the Jobs which would have been created through the construction and operation of said golf-course would not have warranted an unauthorized expenditure of this magnitude outside of the company's normal business operations. The member of the Riggs family who authorized the use of these funds should have instead chosen to use his own capital in order to finance this endeavor if it was truly that necessary. Utilizing Dahlia's none in order to build this project falls categorically within the scope of an egotist method of reasoning.Th ese couple examples were but a few highlights that were uncovered during the course of the Delphic indictment. Members of the Riggs family might not have seen an end to their empire had they taken a step back and evaluated not only the consequences of their actions, but the rationale behind what they were doing. Demonology and categorical imperatives, like most morale methodologies, are difficult to apply in every scenario. Doing what is right for the sake of its rightness, or because t is your duty to perform in a specific way can fail in an instance of grave social importance.As instanced in the threaded discussion this week, if a programmer of nuclear missile technologies learns of an attack by his employer against another nation does his or her duty lie with the attacker or those who would be attacked? Of the moral decision making tools discussed in this paper, Egotism, Utilitarianism, Demonology, and Categorical Imperatives all provide a different answer to the question in hand . The members of the Riggs family might still feel they are in the eight if their ill gains were greater than the pain of imprisonment from a strictly Egotistic model.

Cbt (Skinner) vs. Psychotherapy (Freud)

Evan Hall ECPY 421 CBT (Skinner) vs. Psychotherapy (Freud) Introduction. Freud, being the â€Å"father† of psychology, has had an impact on the development of almost every other theory to fallow his own Psychotherapy. This is primarily because most recognizable psychological theorists began their training under some form of Psychotherapy. B. F. Skinner was one of the many theorists affected by Freud and his theories. However, even though Skinner originally studied Psychotherapy he eventually decided to stray from Freudian theory and develop his of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.Being derived from Psychotherapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy shares some ideas but has many differences. Both theories deal with altering the thoughts and behaviors of clients but on different levels and in different ways. Differences. Freud’s theory of Psychotherapy focuses solely on the unconscious mind and works to help the client to acquire some insight on their unconscious beliefs and behavi ors. Measurement of the unconscious mind can be difficult considering its questionable existence.However, Freud was convinced that the unconscious mind was an imperative part of people’s lives and greatly effects their behavior and mental health. Freud’s therapeutic technique was for the therapist to be a blank slate and have absolutely no effect on the client. The client was then allowed to free associate, verbally expressing anything and everything that came to mind. It was Freud’s belief that everything expressed was an important clue to attaining the insight needed to relieve the problems which were troubling the client.Freud also believed that nothing said or done by the client was unintentional or a mistake. Freud believed that these â€Å"Freudian slips† were actually the unconscious mind, or the Id, breaking through the barriers created by the Ego and Superego. Freud believed that these barriers were created to control the impulses of the unconsci ous thereby protecting the individual from the morals of the surrounding society and vice versa. Freud’s technique was non-confrontational in that the therapist provided no guidance to the client. The therapist would only ask the client to consider the ossible hidden meanings to their trail of thought they had verbally expressed during their free association. (Dilman, 1988) Skinner on the other hand, considered the mind to be a â€Å"black box† and believed it was impossible to be measured or even considered when analyzing human behavior. Even though Skinner started off under Psychotherapy, he developed his theory of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy without any consideration of the unconscious mind. Skinner believed that all human behavior was learned and that the thought process involved in enacting the behavior could be conditioned.Skinner’s theory involved the use of the Skinner box. In the Skinner box either a rat or a pigeon was trained to perform a specific be havior in order to receive a food reward. Skinner used the food as reinforcement to promote the repetition of a specific behavior. Skinner created this form of operant conditioning after fallowing Pavlov’s studies in operant conditioning. Skinner believed that the unconscious mind was irrelevant when attempting to understand human behavior because all behaviors are learned using conscious cognition, which has no place in the unconscious mind.Skinner believed that all people are born as blank slates and that they are shaped and molded by the environment they live in. (Gelso & Fretz, 2001) Similarities. There are very few similarities in the specifics of Freud and Skinner’s theories. The goal of Freud’s theory is for the client to gain insight on their unconscious impulses and behaviors so that the client may bring their unconscious behaviors into their conscious mind, allowing them to control or edit those behaviors to their liking.Skinner also attempts to alter human behavior, although in a more direct manner. Both of the theories focus on the past experiences of the clients. Freud believed that all unconscious behaviors and impulses are primal and imprinted in our brains at birth, but they are only malleable during the first five years of life. Skinner also focused on the clients past and how they may have been taught to behave through operant conditioning. Both theories end goal consist of altering or repressing undesired behaviors.Psychotherapy uses the acquiring of insight to allow the client to observe their unconscious behaviors bringing them into their conscious thoughts so that they may edit or suppress those behaviors. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy used the techniques of reinforcement and extinction to either promote or discourage specific behaviors. (Gelso & Fretz, 2001) Skinner’s Theory in Depth. Skinner’s main theory of reinforcement is based in the behavioral approach where the theorists focus mainly on the overt behaviors of people and how they can be measured to some stimulus in our environment.An individual’s personality develops mostly in response to how they are reinforced or punished for responding to their environments. Due to ethical restrictions Skinner was not able to fully test operant conditioning with his Skinner box on humans, but he claimed that rats and pigeons would suffice because they share the same elemental processes as humans. This could be considered a weakness of Skinner’s theory because one may argue that humans may have similar elemental processes they also have much more developed cognitive processes that vastly exceed the limitations of rats and pigeons.One of the strengths of Skinner’s reinforcement theory is its effectiveness on young children. Most parents today still use a system of rewards and punishment to condition their children’s behavior, reinforcing the good behavior and discouraging the bad. Today’s jobs also use a sy stem of rewards and punishment to condition employees to follow the rules the company seeks to enforce. If an employee follows the rules and displays the appropriate behavior, they could be rewarded with a pay raise, a promotion, or positive acknowledgement.If an employee doesn’t follow the rules they could be reprimanded with negative feedback, demotions, or cut hours for part time employees. Another weakness of Skinners reinforcement theory is its inability to be applied in most forms of therapy. It’s difficult for a therapist to manipulate a client’s behavior with a system of rewards and punishments simply because the therapist can’t be around the client at all times. Reinforcement theory is best used in a self-regulated system of rewards and punishment. However, without some sort of external monitoring there is no certainty to the reinforcement.A final strength of the reinforcement theory is its usefulness in behavioral modification when dealing with individuals with behavioral issues. Whether a therapist or parent is dealing with an unruly young child or a rebellious and troubled teen, Skinner’s reinforcement theory can be used to edit ones behaviors to promote the desired and discourage the undesired. (Toates, 2009) Conclusion. Even though Freud could be considered the â€Å"father† of psychology, his old theory of Psychotherapy has had at least some effect on almost all of the theories to follow his own.Skinner’s theory of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and reinforcement is no exception when considering Freud’s influence. However, it would seem that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Psychotherapy are on opposite ends of the therapy spectrum. Though the two theories do share some similarities, they have a vast amount of differences. Although Skinners theory of reinforcement is still used to help modify the behaviors of individuals with behavioral issues or the behaviors of younger children or young tee ns, it has many limits.Skinners reinforcement theory has little application in a therapist-client relationship because of time constraints and other physical limitations. Reinforcement theory also has limitations when considering experiments with human subjects. The theory could be seen as unethical and inhumane because it goal is to manipulate and shape the behaviors of people while ignoring their emotions and opinions. However, even with these limitations people still use Skinners reinforcement theory when molding the behaviors of their children to fit the values and rules of the environment they will be growing up in.

Americas Next Top Model Eating Disorder - 2069 Words

Long slender legs, slim figure and size zero hips , that stunning runway model on America’s Next Top Model is the motivation for staying in shape. Appallingly, this motivation is the primary cause of life threatening eating disorders in our young women today. According to a research, 95 % of those suffering from eating disorders are between the ages of 12 and 25, the primary audience of Fashion modeling television shows. 70% of girls from grades 5 to 12 say magazine images of fashion models influence their ideals of perfect body. Fashion Modeling Industry has been the most influential source in our young women’s lives. Young girls and young women are seen eating as little as they can, even starving themselves at times to stay fit. Susan†¦show more content†¦The two leading eating disorders are Anorexia and Bulimia. Pro-Ana, Pro-Mia, and Pro-ED are websites that invigorate our young girls to stay as thin as possible. One popular example would be â€Å"Thinsp iration†, girls put up pictures of their thin bodies to inspire others to stay thin like them. These websites are a direct influence of the exposure to unhealthy, skinny models the fashion modeling industry is showing them. The modeling industry is supporting the idea of Pro-Ana and Pro-Mia by hiring underaged models who are unhealthily skinny. Two of Marc Jacob’s models who walked in his show were under the age of sixteen. The Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) released its new guidelines for models to prevent the development of eating disorders and shows concerns about young teenagers under the age of sixteen who walk down th runway. One of the horrifying results of the misleading fashion modeling industry would be the touching stories of the young models themselves who had become anorexic to perpetuate a body that is attractive to the modeling world. 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To many people this was the start of reality television that soon after lead to the show The Real World on MTV. The show would take seven unlike people from all over and put them into an apartment with hidden cameras, filming what would happen next. Quickly after, shows like Survivor and American Idol became popular, and reality television made portions of money for the networks as well as the reality stars themselves (Kopp). This was the time when more people started becoming familiar with